Understanding ovarian cancer, symptoms and treatment

Everyday, someone in New Zealand hears the life-changing words: “You have ovarian cancer.” As the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death amongst women, ovarian cancer claims more lives than cervical, uterine, vulval, and vaginal cancers combined. Let’s get familiar with what ovarian cancer is, the signs to look out for, and treatment options.

What is ovarian cancer?

Ovarian cancer develops when cells in one or both ovaries grow abnormally and multiply, forming a tumour. In some cases, cancer can originate in the fallopian tubes and spread to the ovaries. This disease can spread (metastasize), affecting other parts of the body and impairing vital functions .

There are three main types of ovarian cancer:

1. Epithelial cancers: These originate from the cells lining the outside of the ovaries and account for about 90% of all ovarian cancers. They typically occur after menopause.
2. Germ cell cancers: These begin in the cells that produce eggs and are more common in women aged 20 to 30.
3. Stromal cancers: These cancers arise from the hormone-producing tissue that supports the ovaries. They are typically quite rare.

Risk factors of ovarian cancer

While ovarian cancer is more common as you get older, the most significant risk factor is a personal or family history of breast, ovarian, or bowel cancer. This history may indicate an inheritable gene mutation which can increase your risk – inheritable genetic mutations are responsible for 10% to 15% of ovarian cancers.

If you have a family history of these cancers, talk to your GP to discuss any potential next steps.

Recognising the signs and symptoms

Ovarian cancer can be hard to diagnose early as its symptoms often mimic common conditions. The key signs to be aware of include:

• Bloating
• Feeling full quickly or eating less
• Abdominal, pelvic, or back pain
• Increased urgency or frequency of urination
• Changes in bowel habits
• Fatigue
• Indigestion
• Pain during intercourse
• Unexplained weight changes
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge

If any of these symptoms persist for more than four weeks, talk to your doctor.

What are your treatment options?

Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease, but standard treatments may include:

• Surgery: To remove as much of the cancer as possible.
• Chemotherapy: To destroy remaining cancer cells.
• Targeted drug treatments, radiation therapy, or clinical trials.

While most essential treatments are publicly funded by Pharmac in New Zealand, we have fewer funded options and clinical trials compared to countries like Australia and the UK – meaning patients may need to look for alternative means, such as non-Pharmac cover as part of your health insurance.

Survival rates of ovarian cancer

Survival rates vary based on the stage at diagnosis:

• Stage 1: 95% (95 out of 100 people survive at least five years)
• Stage 2: 70%
• Stage 3: 25%
• Stage 4: 15%

The overall five-year survival rate for ovarian cancer in New Zealand is 36%, highlighting the importance of early detection and treatment.

Guidance through your cancer journey

At nib, we offer support and guidance to our members who have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer (and other cancers), or are further along their cancer journey. Our dedicated Cancer Care programme offers personalised, one-on-one support to eligible members who have been diagnosed with cancer. Whether it's providing education on treatment options, directing them to resources, or simply lending a listening ear, nib's dedicated team and experienced Wellness Coaches are there every step of the way.

Learn more about nib Cancer Care and how it could help you here: https://health.nib.co.nz/health-management-programmes

This information is for general educational purposes only and isn’t a substitute for medical advice from your healthcare provider. If you have any specific concerns about your personal circumstances regarding your health, we recommend that you contact your healthcare provider.